A Brief History Of Humankind: Great Civilizations Built By Migrants From Africa

The world has seen the rise of seven remarkable ancient civilizations over the last ten thousand years. Some of these have run their full course and fallen off by the wayside, some of them are still going strong in the modern world. Nonetheless, all of them have contributed much to the remarkable history of human civilization through the ages. And it all started with the human species of Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalsis, and Homo sapiens that emerged from Africa to populate the whole world, and diversified into many other intermediate species outside Africa. Remarkably, all these have eventually merged into a single Homo sapiens human species on this world of a small planet in Sun's orbit, and has made planet Earth the home planet of humankind. As humankind continues to develop the capabilities and scientific and technological expertise for greater achievements and prosperity on Earth, it is ready to take on the wider universe and go to space in a new adventure. But first it has to ensure the survival of the planet and survival of the human species. It has to do this by resolving critical issues of climate change, environmental protection, energy sustainability, and human conflicts, and achieving global peace. Much can be learned from the way how some civilizations have succeeded and prospered while some others have failed and collapsed in the past. Humankind truly needs to draw important lessons from all the past and present civilizations to be ready for the many new challenges ahead. The current challenges are the wars and conflicts arising from the self-serving actions of selfish and arrogant politicians, the climate change issues, the fragile food, energy and water equations, the sustainability issues, and the new technological challenges. If humankind can manage these transitions well, there is hope that humankind can survive and prosper and become a truly global civilization.